نشریه گردشگری و توسعه
سال یازدهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 32، پاییز 1401)

The purpose of this study is to design a model for the development of Iran's tourism industry with a sustainable development approach. The statistical population in qualitative research includes experts and specialists in the tourism organization and in quantitative research, the staff of tourism organizations in Tehran and Mazandaran province. The sampling method is purposive in the qualitative study section and stratified in the quantitative random section. The method of data collection in this research is based on library studies, review of texts, relevant and field literature and data collection tools through interviews and questionnaires. Purposeful non-probabilistic sampling was used to select the interviewees, during which the experts tried to have practical experience in addition to theoretical knowledge. The validity of the measurement scale is based on "content-dependent" and "structure-dependent" and its reliability is evaluated based on Cronbach's alpha. In this study, Dalala test has been used to explain the structural relationships between the factors of development of Iran's tourism industry with the approach of sustainable development using the Demetel technique. The results show that according to the Dalala technique, the most important component is the competitiveness index from the experts' point of view. Also, based on the structural equation technique, it was found that all identified factors have a significant impact on the development of tourism industry.

The tourism industry in the world is one of the important sources of revenue and due to the high exchange rate of inbound tourism, focusing on this area can increase the share of tourism in the gross national product of countries. Therefore, in this research, the Iranian tourism industry has been studied and an attempt has been made to cover various areas of tourism services such as health, pilgrimage, cultural and recreational tourism. Due to the existence of various dimensions and effects and different stakeholders involved in the development of tourism, leading to the complexity and dynamism of behaviors in this area, in order to analyze this industry, the methodology of systems dynamics has been used. A model was developed in Vensim software to discuss 4 scenarios; visa facilitation for tourists, mobilization of all media and advertising facilities in the country, both private and public, extensive production of Covid-19 vaccine or its import, and removal of tourism restrictions risen as a result of the pandemic, and an increase in capacity of various tourism services, as well as the results of the policy implementation. The results show that the implementation of supportive policies in the short term alone is not effective and the pandemic should end first and at the same time advertising should be done in order to facilitate the entry of tourists to the country and then with a delay of 5 years to develop the capacity of tourism infrastructure with priority given to the development of accommodation services.

Medical Tourism is one of the growing types of tourism in the world that can bring different benefits to tourism objectives. Taking in consideration the appropriate potential of Iran in the field of medicine and the existence of cultural and natural attractions along with this capability, it is possible to turn this country with suitable planning, into one of the important destinations of medical tourism. The aim of this article is identifying the relationship and the impact of factors influencing the development of medical tourism and investigating the impact of it on the economic growth of the country. The research is developmental in nature, and based on theoretical studies and interviews with experts the factors and variables of the model have been extracted.  System dynamics method is used, and the software Vensim is used to simulate the ten-year horizon, in three scenarios, to examine the behavior of the variables. According to the results of this research, the development of medical tourism has a positive effect on the economic growth indicators of the country, and with increasing the revenue allocation of tourism industry to medical tourism, the value of benefit- cost indicator increases. In addition, with private sector investment in the medical tourism sector, the value of benefit cost index in the short term decreases slightly due to increased costs. However, due to the increase in the slope of the benefit-to-cost chart after the investment, the value of the benefit- cost index will be higher in the long term than before the investment. Also, by increasing the employment rate, the value of the benefit to the cost indicator increases, and by reducing the employment rate, the value of the benefit indicator decreases.

Shoush Danial (AS) city as one of the areas with many tourist attractions has desired potential for tourism planning and development. Therefore, purpose of this research is to analyze value of tourism heritage of this region using modified Periera and assessing their life cycles through Butler’s model and Doxey’s irritation index. For valuation analysis, a questionnaire based on modified Periera was compiled that at first level, the scientific criterion was in form of inherent capability (maximum of 5.5) and complementary capability (maximum of 4.5) and management criterion in the form of productivity capability (maximum 7) and protection capability (maximum 3). Life cycles of tourist through Butler’s model during the stages of exploration, involvement, development, consalidation and stagnation, and behavioral responses of human societies based on the Doxey’s irritation index were studied in cases of interest, indifference, agitation and hostility. Results showed that sites of Danial Shrine (63.35%, consalidation and interest), Karkheh protected area (60.7%, exploration and interest), Shoosh castle (60.5%, development and interest), Choghazanbil (57.95%, development and interest), the Shoush ancient hills of (57.9%, development and indifference) and Dea’abel Khozaie tomb (56%, involvement and interest) ranked from 1 to 6 tourism development. In contrast, the haft tappe ancient hills (45.65%, exploration and indifference) and Fath-al-Mobin battlefield (44.15%, consalidation and indifference), because their value is below average (50%), need to support the strengths and opportunities and eliminate the weaknesses and threats. These rankings indicate the importance and productivity of these tourist sites proportionate of their potential.

adventure tourism is the fastest growing tourism sector in the world and It is considered as one of the most important tools for sustainable development in countries and tourism destinations. Therefore, the Marnjab Desert in Iran, as a privileged region, has the potential to become an example center for sustainable development of adventure tourism. Research shows that affect numerous factors on realization of this important. This study aims to provide a model for the development of creative and sustainable adventure tourism in the Marnjab Desert. In terms of method, Research is mixed and applied research that data analysis has been done through two methods of Meta-Synthesis and Structural-Interpretive Modeling in two stages. first step: were identified the factors affecting the development of adventure tourism with systematic reviewed and 18 variables in 10 indicators and four dimensions of economic, political, cultural, social and environmental sustainability were selected and approved by researchers. second step: the initial codes were extracted and located in the structural-interpretive modeling questionnaire in order to Be leveled the relation between them with the help of tourism experts and managers of Kashan, Aran and Bidgol and adventure tourism activists present as a model in the desert. The results of the present study indicate that tourist satisfaction and loyalty of the indigenous community will be achieved when first there is clear and comprehensive policy and planning and then the private sector provide by investing in the environment the conditions for other effective factors, especially biological and social resource management

The purpose of this study was to develop a model for geo-interpretation in the Qeshm Island UNESCO Global Geopark of Iran.To investigate the application of dimensions and components of the geo-interpretation system and to develop a conceptual model, Sadry et al., 2021 framework based on the authentic methods in the globe (the ideal situation) was considered. For this purose and based on the literature review, seven dimensions including: Instructor (interpreter), content, tools, place, principles, practices and audience accompany with its 30 components, adopted from aformentioned study, was used. Descriptive-survey method was used to investigate the current application of the dimensions and components of the geo-interpretation system in the management of Qeshm Island UNESCO Global Geopark. This was an applied research conducted with a quantitative approach.The statistical population of the research was the visitors of Qeshm Geopark.A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data and were distributed in March and April 2019 (Iranian Nowruz 1398) by convenience sampling method.In order to analyze the data in the descriptive statistics part of the research (mean, standard deviation, ...), and in the inferential statistics part of the research according to the type of data, Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistical tests and methods of structural equation models, goodness of fit indices and factor analysis were used. The confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) (applying the version 3.3 of SmartPLS software) and one-sample t-test (applying the version 26 of SPSS software) were used, as well.In general, the parameters of the evaluated model were acceptable and the goodness of fit of the model was very good (99 out of 100, the opinions of 30 relevant experts were used).The results indicated that the current situation in the application of dimensions and components is less than the average level and the conditions are far from the ideal situation.The results also showed that in the current situation, the application of the educator/interpreter dimension is higher than others and the tool is the lowest one.Finally, the proposed solutions to improve the seven dimensions, and move towards the desired situation in the Qeshm Island UNESCO global geopark have been mentioned.

Here, the aim was to study the Factors affecting the intention of tourists to visit the tourist attractions of Kerman province with emphasis on e-marketing. The present study is a descriptive correlation in terms of method of data collection and analysis, and the data collection tool in this study was a standard questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire was calculated and confirmed using confirmatory factor analysis and content validity. The reliability of the questionnaire and its variables were calculated and confirmed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The statistical sample of the study consisted of 433 Iranian and foreign tourists who visited the tourist attractions of Kerman province in 2020-2021. Due to the prevalence of coronary heart disease, the research questionnaire was distributed and collected in person or after receiving the e-mail address. The results showed that electronic advertising with a coefficient of 0.73 and a value of t, 10.276 has an effect on word of mouth electronic marketing, and with a coefficient of 0.26 and t, 4.626 on the destination image. Also, the image of the destination affects the attitude towards it with 0.93 and t, 13.341. Finally, the results show the effect of word of mouth electronic marketing with 0.16 and t, 3.725 and attitude towards the destination with 0.81 and t, 11.978 with the intention to visit.

With the expansion of tourism and increasing the awareness of tourists, special services must be provided to meet the needs of current travelers.Event tourism market consists of travelers who travel to see events or experience participating in events. Events are among the fastest growing segments of tourism in the world, and managers have realized that there must be new, exciting attractions. Add the unrivaled to increase the number of applicants to visit those destinations in accordance with the desired goals., Iran has potential capacities in the field of tourism due to its unique climate, geography and customs.In the present study, the main question is what is the development model of event-based tourism based on the identification of motivational components among tourists? the researcher has identified the components affecting event-oriented tourism.There are 5 components and 34 sub-components in the dimension of requirements that govern strategic decisions in order to orient and strategic alignment. All the actions of the relevant agencies are the ground-breaking dimension that oversees the factors that affect the infrastructure, and the institutional context. Creates formal work to operationalize tourist attraction processes at different levels of tourism, and facilitates the oversight of factors that advance the goals, and activities planned for tourism development through the creation of tools. Facilitates and facilitates the need. The results show that the requirements dimension has components of strategic management and policy-making, managerial factors, the bedrock dimension has components of organizational structure and culture and the facilitator dimension has components of information technology.

Iran, with its vast geographical area, historical richness and also ethnic diversity, has many potentials for the development of intangible heritage tourism. However, so far there is no codified system to attract such tourists. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to Design a Model for the Development of Intangible Tourism in Iran using the Grounded theory approach. Therefore, a semi-structured interview consisting of five general question and with 19 experts in this field, including: University professors, tourism administrators and cultural tour guides were selected using purposive sampling method with snowball approach, was done. MAXQDA qualitative software and manual coding method were used to analyze the data. In order to evaluate the face and content validity, the findings were presented to several participants and their opinions were applied after studying them. In order to check the reliability, the method of intra-subject agreement was used and the agreement rate was 84%. According to the research findings causal factors include: economic, cultural, social, historical and diplomatic, the basics include: policy making, organizational, educations and research and planning, barriers include: modernism, bureaucracy, conflict management and government, strategies also included: marketing, integrated information system, event management, support and participation, and the results and consequences included: economic, social-cultural, perceptual, developmental and sustainable. The results of this research will help the policy makers of intangible heritage tourism development in planning and implementation.

Over the past decade, studies of love in the field of tourism and hospitality have been on the rise, now it is time to take a general overview of the status of these studies and their findings and general approaches. Since this study aims to organize and analyze the existing literature on love in the field of tourism and hospitality to identify the status of research in this field, the meta-synthesis method and thematic content analysis have been used for the comparative and bibliographic study with a systematic review approach. For this purpose, the related research was identified and identified in 3 national databases and 9 foreign information databases in the period of 2017-2021 for Persian articles and 1984-2021 for Latin articles, 83 research was the result of the search, which was used after controlling and evaluating research by researchers 67 published articles invalid magazines for this research. The research results show that most articles in this field have been published in the Journal of Tourism Management with 5 Latin articles and in the Journal of Tourism and Development with 3 Persian articles. Also, based on the analysis of articles, it was found that destination Satisfaction, destination experience, and destination image as antecedents and destination Loyalty, Revisit intention, and word of mouth (WOM) as the most important consequences have been considered by researchers. In addition, most of the studies have been done with a quantitative approach and survey method, which requires more attention to qualitative and mixed research.

Iran can achieve its rightful place in tourism industry by taking advantage of its media flow and focusing on natural and historical attractions, Spectacular, ancient landscapes and existence of huge tourism resources. Since the role of media in development of tourism has been less introduced in previous researches, the main issue in this research is that how Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting influences and plays a role in development of domestic tourism. The purpose of this article is to identify and present a suitable model for the Role-Making of Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting in development of domestic tourism. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and case study in terms of qualitative method. After selection of Radio and Television Organization as a case study, interviews were conducted with 13 experts in the Radio and Television Organization in the field of media and tourism based on STAR framework. The collected data were transcribed and categorized into sub-dimensions and concepts using interpretive analysis and open coding. Finally, a comprehensive model of Role-Making of IRIB in the development of domestic tourism in term of four main dimensions of environmental challenges with 5 concepts of media, host society, tourists, tourism facilities and services, government; role of media with 6 concepts of economic, cultural, social, Environmental, managerial and policy-making; media actions with 3 concepts of radio, television and social media, and consequences of Media effectiveness with 6 concepts of economic, cultural, social, environmental, managerial and geographical distribution with subset Code is presented.

path length as an effective economic parameter to identify a tourist route by tourist is considered in this paper, which is not considered in previous works about tourist routes determination problem. Considering the path length causes this problem to be converted into a multi-objective multivariable decision making problem because tourist likes paths where there is the maximum number of Tourist Attractions in minimum path length. The introduced problem is more complex than the single-objective multi-variable decision making problem in the solution point of view. The matching technique and the method named "minimum distance from the best decision" are proposed for solving the introduced problem in this paper. Therefore, a new method is used in this paper to find the tourist route where have both the maximum value in different attraction indexes and the minimum path length. The proposed solution method is implemented in the region of Dameghan City, where is a historical city in Semnan steady, to rank all of the paths with the Destination of Damghan. The results show that the proposed method selects the tourist routes where have both the maximum number of tourist attractions and the minimum path length in the Damegan region.

The purpose of this study is to identify, evaluate and introduce ecotourism-prone tourism areas in the "Abyaneh-Barzrood" catchment area due to its unique natural, cultural, historical and human potentials. Factors influencing the location of susceptible areas in this study include 9 environmental variables that after digitizing the baseline maps and preparing an AHP questionnaire from an expert on the relative importance of criteria and sub-criteria compared to each other. In this study, the criteria of road, river, vegetation and accommodation services had the greatest impact on choosing a suitable place for ecotourism, followed by the criteria of restaurant, spring, aqueduct and the area of ​​the village, respectively. In GIS environment, using Expert Choice software based on the weights obtained from the mentioned model and its processing, a ranking map of fitness scores for ecotourism was prepared in 3 categories: weak, medium and good. This map was validated with 59 control locations in field visits. All potential tourist destinations are in a good range, which confirms the accuracy of this map. The most attractive areas of the basin, which covers about 25% of the basin area, with a good rank, are located in the central parts of the basin and along the transportation route between the villages of the region. Areas of medium attractiveness, which cover about 46% of the basin area, are mainly located in the southern part of the basin and within the environmental protected area. Low attractiveness areas with a spread rate of about 29% of the area are mainly in the northwest and southwest of the basin and are seen as spots in other areas of the basin.

The development of ecotourism will not happen simply because of the beauty and attractiveness of ecotourism areas. In addition to the natural potential of each region, the development of ecotourism requires the existence of various factors such as welfare infrastructure, access roads, tourist security, marketing and advertising, and the like.  So that the absence or even shortage of some of these cases can be considered as factors hindering the development of ecotourism in any ecotourism area. The purpose of this study was to identify the barriers to the development of ecotourism in Aligudarz Absefid waterfalls. Twenty semi-structured interviews were conducted with provincial experts to identify the deterrents. Analysis of data collected from interviews led to the identification of 34 concepts in 6 major categories of barriers. Then, a two-stage Delphi-fuzzy technique was used to reach a group agreement between the experts and to rank the inhibitory factors. According to the results, barriers the development of ecotourism in Aligudarz Absefid waterfall are respectively: cultural and social barriers with an average (0.828), poor introduction of the region (0.810), investment barriers and financial planning (0.803), infrastructural barriers (0.778), security barriers (0.775) and access and information problems (0.648). Therefore, the general proposal of this research is comprehensive planning, attracting financial support, and the efforts of nature tourism management decision-making organizations in Aligudarz city and Lorestan province to eliminate and reduce the mentioned obstacles through the executive proposals presented in this research.

Studies related to innovation in tourism, even in developed countries, have received more attention in the last three years and the development of innovation models in this field has been less attention. Therefore, paying attention to tourism and innovation in this field, which is one of Iran's potential for increasing national income, is very important and necessary. The purpose of this research is to develop an innovation model in the tourism industry. The statistical population of the research was 130 managers of the tourism active companies and startups in Tabriz. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-exploratory in terms of method. Using Cochran's formula, the sample size estimated 97. By studying the research literature and background, the effective factors on innovation in tourism were identified and then with the opinion of industry and university experts (expert panel), the conceptual model of the research was designed. The data collected through a researcher-made questionnaire, as a research tool, was analyzed via confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling by partial least squares method. The findings showed that the factors of human capital, participation, financing and information technology (IT) have a significant effect on innovation in tourism. Also, two moderating variables of company size and industry macro environment had a positive and negative effect on the relationship between these factors and innovation in tourism

Branding a destination is not necessarily related to its positive features, and sometimes a tourism destination can be known for its negative features among tourists; In this case, the factors affecting the branding of tourism destinations should be identified and given to tourism planners; This research has been done with the aim of identifying and evaluating the components affecting the branding of Bisheh tourism target village. At first, with the help of background study and interviews with expert professors, the factors were identified and after localization in the study area, they made the research questionnaire; The reliability of the research instrument was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and its validity has been confirmed by professors in this field. The results showed that tourist attractions and tourism marketing in Bisheh village with the coefficients of 0.85 and 0.77, have the greatest impact on branding in this village And destination performance, infrastructure, unique characteristics, government performance, and tourist behavior come next. Also, government monitoring and investment, natural attractions, village security, expertise of stakeholders and destination advertising have the greatest impact on Bisheh village branding; Finally, according to the research findings, several suggestions were made to improve and facilitate the branding process of Bisheh tourist village

The prevailing impression is that mass tourism and alternative tourism are polar opposites. Zero-one thinking has led to a complete rejection of mass tourism in favor of the other. We argue that this is just another overly simplistic stance towards the sustainable development of tourism. With focusing on sustainability aspects of mass tourism, we are, realistically, seeing the glass as half full rather than half empty and stressing the need to improve the sustainability of mass tourism. We used the meta-synthesis technique and thematic analysis to identify the philosophical foundations for reinforcement sustainability of mass tourism, trying to answer two fundamental questions, "what is it" and "why it is important". 704 basic codes, 79 basic themes, and 37 organizing themes were classified into 8 global themes. For the "what is sustainable mass tourism” question, five global themes of “sustainability as a continuum”, “sustainability as a comprehensive concept”, "theoretical roots of sustainable mass tourism formation", "small scale tourism development model does not have priority over large scale model and vice versa", "convergence or divergence of mass and alternative tourism" and for the "why it is important" question, three global themes of "increasing growth of tourism simultaneously on supply and demand sides", "reasons for re-considering mass tourism", and "limitations of the alternative tourism model" were identified. We argue that explaining foundations of sustainability in mass tourism, would change the prevailing impression of tourism academics and planners about the relationship between sustainability and mass tourism and reveals its hidden potentials.

The present study was carried out to determine the most important factors in the success and failure of startups. In order to conduct the research, after studying the existing literature and extracting the factors of success and failure of startups, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 18 owners of tourism startups in Iran. In the next step, applying the qualitative content analysis method, the success and failure factors of these jobs were classified into 10 main groups. Finally, based on the 10 identified groups, these factors were prioritized using the Shannon entropy method. The findings show that organizational factors are the first priority and unpredictable factors are the last priority (less important) in the success of Iranian tourism startups. Regarding the factors influencing the failure of these businesses, the first priority is related to legal-political factors and the last priority is technology resources. Therefore, not only entrepreneurs should pay special attention to organizational factors for creating their tourism startups, policymakers and the Ministry of Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts, and Tourism should pave their path through legislation of appropriate laws

Tourism is a complex activity and its development depends on several factors such as the existence of tourist attractions, tourism services and facilities, and so on. The city of Tehran is one of the most important potential areas of Iran in the field of tourism due to its many natural and historical attractions, but it is facing the problem of lack of spatial information in this regard. Designing and creating a spatial tourism database in Tehran can provide the necessary basis for collecting, storing, updating, analyzing and processing spatial information related to tourism in Tehran. Spatial information related to tourism can be collected, processed, organized and stored using tools such as GPS, GIS and RS. Based on the results of the cognition stage, data types were categorized in different formats and a conceptual model of a spatial database was developed. Then the descriptive information tables as well as the location field of each feature in PostgreSQL database were created and completed by PostGIS plugin, so the location of each feature can be displayed on the map (database geometry panel) and by selecting the feature on the map its descriptive information. is shown. The designed database allows access management, data control, backup, multiple users to use the database simultaneously, maintaining system integrity and finally the possibility of designing and implementing WebGIS system and its two-way communication with the user